(表:表1 供钾对韧皮部运输的作用 )
| K+ in growth medium | |||
| 0.4 | 1.0mM | ||
| Phloem sap conc. | K+ mM | 47 | 66 |
| sucrose mM | 228 | 236 | |
| Osmotic potential(bars) | 12.5 | 14.5 | |
| Exudation rate(ml/3hrs.) | 1.35 | 2.49 | |
(表:表2 钾对苜蓿叶中二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶的影响 )
| Preincubation medium (K mM)预培养分中钾的浓度 | 14C Leucine incorporation (dpm/mg RUBP carboxylase per 24 hrs.) 14C亮氨酸的合成(dpm/mg RUBP羧化酶/24h) |
| 0 | 99 |
| 0.01 | 167 |
| 0.10 | 220 |
| 1.00 | 526 |
| 10 | 526 |
(表:表3 氮源对白芥子中阳离子和阴离子平衡的影响 )
| N source 氮源 | Cation 阳离子 (me/100g) | Anion 阴离子(me/100g) | |||||||
| K | Ca | Mg | Na | NO3 | H2PO4 | SO4 | Cl | Org, acid 有机酸 | |
| NO3 | 81 | 107 | 28 | 5 | 1 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 162 |
| NH4 | 40 | 72 | 22 | 7 | 1 | 25 | 25 | 31 | 54 |
(表:表4 小麦的钾素营养和氮的同化作用 )
| K supply 钾的供应 | K1 | K2 |
| Grains g/pot籽粒(g/盆) | 97 | 129 |
| Straw秸秆(g/盆) | 95 | 123 |
| Total N uptake mg/pot总吸氮量(mg/盆) | 3.655 | 4.840 |
| Total N uptake rel.相对吸氮量(%) | 100 | 132 |
| from total N in grain%籽粒中的氮占总氮量的百分比 | 70.4 | 76.8 |
| Crude protein(grain)%籽粒中粗蛋白含量(%) | 15.1 | 16.5 |
| Sol. Amino acids mgN/100ggrain可溶性氮基酸(mgN/100g籽粒) | 84.1 | 104 |
| Prolamine醇溶蛋白 | 623 | 731 |
| Gluteline谷蛋白 | 869 | 1002 |
(表:表5 N:K比对番茄产量的影响 )
| N kg/ha | K kg/ha** | ||
| 135 | 200 | 270 | |
| Yield t/ha **产量 | |||
| 0 | 15.9 (41) | 16.8 (56) | 20.9 (55) |
| 336 | 33.8 (71) | 34.8 (76) | 36.3 (77) |
| 168/168* | 39.5 (80) | 46.6 (85) | 59.9 (85) |
(表:表6 施钾量对Hamlin柑橘(汁液)品质的影响 )
| K rate 钾用量 | Juice content 汁液含量 | Soluble solids 可溶性固体含量 | Titratable acid 可滴定酸含量 |
| kg/ha | (%) | ||
| 63 | 53.8 | 10.6 | 0.69 |
| 126 | 53.9 | 10.5 | 0.77 |
| 189 | 53.7 | 10.5 | 0.78 |
| 251 | 54.0 | 10.6 | 0.86 |
(表:表7 施用钾肥对Elberts桃子某些品质因素的影响 )
| Quality factor 品质因素 | g K applied per tree 施钾量(g K/棵) | ||
| 90 | 300 | 600 | |
| Firmness 硬度 | 8.73 | 10.09 | 11.28 |
| Shelf fife (days) 货架寿命(天) | 3.03 | 3.64 | 3.70 |
| Titratable acidity 可滴定酸度pH | 6.11 | 6.67 | 6.90 |
(表:表8 钾对番茄成熟不齐、形状不规则发病率的影响 )
| Characteristics 特性 | K rate kg/ha 钾用量 | ||
| 359 | 706 | 1424 | |
| unevenly coloured 颜色参差不齐率 % | 40.5 | 12.4 | 5.8 |
| yellow blotch 黄斑率 % | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.8 |
| green blotch 绿斑率 % | 19.0 | 6.9 | 3.9 |
| irregularly shaped 畸形果率 % | 56.3 | 32.6 | 28.0 |
| K+ in leaves 叶子含钾量 % | 1.61 | 3.69 | 5.0 |
(表:表9 钾对寄生虫发生和产量的影响 )
| Infestation 浸染 | Number data 数据数 | Average reduction (-) or increase (+) in % 平均降低(-)或增加(+)% | |
| parasite 寄生虫 | yield 产量 | ||
| Fungal diseases 真菌病害 | 48 | -49 | +44 |
| Viruses 病毒 | 18 | +56.00 | +69 |
| Insects + mites 昆虫和螨 | 4 | -27 | +14 |
| Bacteria 细菌 | 3 | -48 | +70 |
| Nematodes线虫 | 2 | -2 | +7 |
(表:表10 钾对棉花叶枯病感染率的影响 )
| Nutrient养分 kg/ha NPK | % infested plants 染病植株 | |
| Irrigated 灌溉 | not irrigated无灌溉 | |
| 140-56-0 | 73 | 42 |
| 140-56-50 | 62 | 31 |
| 140-56-100 | 53 | 19 |
正如Trolldenier (1985)所发现的那样,如果以适当的比率供给大量元素氮磷钾,由于接种全蚀病(Gaeumannomyes graminis var.tritici)而导致的小麦减产幅度下降了。他指出,在盆栽试验中将氮或钾的供应减少一半,浸染植株的籽粒产量只有健壮植株的55%和58%(表11)。相反,氮磷钾平衡施用,接种全蚀病仅使产量降低了25%。
(表:表11 “最佳”生长植株叶片中的氮钾含量和比例 )
| Crop type 作物种类 | Optimal range in leaves % in dry matter* 叶片最佳含量(占干物重%) | N:K Ratios N:K比 | |
| N | K | ||
| Cereals谷物 | 2.60-4.25 | 2.80-4.05 | 1 : 0.95-1.08 |
| Pulses豆类 | 3.30-4.75 | 2.20-3.25 | 1 : 0.67-0.68 |
| Oilseeds油料 | 3.30-4.50 | 2.60-4.05 | 1 : 0.79-0.90 |
| Tuber/root crops根茎作物 | 4.35-6.00 | 4.10-6.55 | 1 : 0.94-1.09 |
| Vegetables蔬菜 | 3.15-4.55 | 3.15-4.80 | 1 : 1.00-1.05 |
| Fruit trees果树 | 2.35-3.10 | 1.35-2.05 | 1 : 0.57-0.66 |
5. 结论
氮钾养分不平衡(失调)不仅影响其遗传上最高产量潜力的充分发挥,降低肥料的利用率,而且还降低了产品品质。其经济后果是:
更多的产品卖不掉,因此降低了收入;降低了运输和贮藏性,导致由贮藏到市场的损失;减少特有成分的回收率意味着较高的加工费用;如果供应的食物营养价值低,则产生消费者营养不良;吃了浸染有毒的食物,危害着消费者的健康。
在植物叶的最适生长发育和产量形成期也需要以合适的用量和比例平衡施用氮和钾。根据 Bergmann(1986)的研究,禾谷类作物、块茎和块根类作物以及蔬菜作物的叶片均应含有几乎等量的氮钾(即N:K为1),而豆类作物、油料作物和果树的叶片应有略宽的N:K比(N:K为1:0.6~0.9)。
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