印度尼西亚水稻自给中最高产量研究及其配套措施之回顾


M. Ismunadji
印度尼西亚茂物粮食作物研究所


　　摘要 ABSTRACT

　　印度尼西亚（以下简称“印尼”）是一个热带农业国家，分干、湿两季，而且差别很明显。水稻为印尼的主要粮食作物，就此，政府把提高水稻产量，满足国内需求作为主要大事来抓。印尼政府在重视研究投入的同时，制定了一系列相应措施，如农业集约管理，多种经营，技术推广，开垦荒地等。增加水稻生产主要通过加强集约化方式，而不是通过增加水稻种植面积。1969年首先提出了加强水稻集约化管理，并逐步得到了完善。这种集约化管理首先是一般性的集约化管理，然后发展成特殊集约化管理，下一步是特殊作业管理，最后是高级集约化管理。高级集约化中的最低产量目标为9吨/公顷，共分十项措施：1）选用有证书的种子，2）合理的种植制度，3）播前整地，4）品种轮换，5）密植，6）平衡施肥，7）叶面喷肥，8）植物保护，9）加强水分管理，10）适当的收后管理。通过实施上述十项内容，可使水稻获得高产，然而，由于种种原因，农民在接受这些措施中不免会出现某些问题。

　　平衡施肥这项措施是1985年政府提出的，包括氮（尿素），磷（重钙），钾（氯化钾）和硫（硫酸铵）之间的平衡，印尼农民在水稻上氮肥用量过高，有时达500公斤尿素/公顷，这样使倒伏和病虫害加重，氯化钾和硫酸铵对农民来说是二种新型肥料，只有60%的农民施用氯化钾，61%的农民施用硫铵。低洼的水稻区常发生铁的毒害现象，并限制了水稻的生产。施用钾、磷、锌、可减轻铁的毒害，提高产量。

　　Indonesia is a tropical agricultural country with two distinct major seasons, namely the dry and the wet seasons. Rice is the staple food for most Indonesians. Therefore the government has a strong effort to increase rice production to meet the domestic demand. For this purpose the government practices intensification, diversification, extension and rehabilitation by maximizing research inputs. Increase in national rice production is mainly due to intensification rather than by expansion of agricultural land. Rice intensification started in 1969 and underwent improvement with time. It started with Mass Intensification, followed by Special Intensification, Special Operation and Supra Special Intensification (Supra Insus) with a minimum yield target of 9 t/ha rough rice. Supra Insus is based on ten principles, namely (1) used of certified seed, (2) proper cropping systems, (3) good soil preparation, (4) varietal rotation, (5) dense plant spacing, (6) balance fertilization, (7) foliar feeding, (8) plant protection, (9) good water management and (10) appropriate postharvest handling. By practising these ten principles, high yield of rice could be obtained. However, there are some problems in adoption of these by farmers due to various reasons.

　　Balanced fertilization was introduced by the government in 1985, including the use of N (urea), P (TSP), K (KCl) and S (ammonium sulphate). Indonesian farmers sometimes apply high rate of urea up to 500 kg urea/ha to rice which promote lodging and disease incidence. Potassium chloride and ammonium sulphate are relatively new materials for farmers and the adoption is 60% for KCl and 61 % for ammonium sulphate. Iron toxicity in lowland rice is widespread in Indonesia and often limit rice production. Potash, phosphate and zinc could alleviate iron toxicity and increase rice yields.

　　1.引言 INTRODUCTION

　　印尼是一个热带农业国家，分干、湿两个季节，而且差别很明显。湿季的长短随地区而变化，短的只有两个月，长的则达12个月，印尼的西部较湿，东部较干。

　　Indonesia is a tropical agricultural country with two distinct major seasons, namely the dry and the wet seasons. The number of wet months is variable and depends on the region, it varies from 2 to 12 wet months. The western part of Indonesia is more wet compared to the eastern part.

　　水稻是印尼人的主要粮食。有些人以玉米，木薯，西米，红薯为主食。过去不吃大米的人现也已食用大米，总之，这也反映出人民生活水平的提高。由于水稻是印尼人的主要食粮，所以政府把提高水稻生产，满足国内需求作为重点，解决印尼1亿8千万人的吃饭问题对政府来说也是一个艰巨的任务。1984年印尼实现了水稻自给，由最大水稻进口国转变成水稻自给国家。可是印尼的玉米、大豆、花生等作物还不能达到自给。

　　Rice is the staple food for most Indonesians. Some people consum corn, cassava, sago or sweet potato as staple food. Previous non-rice eaters are shifting to rice. Any way this is a reflection on the improvement of economic status of the people. Since rice is the major staple food of the people the government exerts a strong effort to increase rice production to meet the domestic demand. It is a hard task for the government to supply food for over 180 million people. Indonesia became self-sufficient in rice in 1984 and shifted its position from the world largest rice importer to being self-sufficient. However, Indonesia is not yet self-sufficient in the other food crops, such as corn, soybean and peanut.

　　为了提高粮食生产，政府在增加研究投入的同时，制定了一系列措施，如：集约管理，多种经营，技术推广，开垦荒地。集约水稻管理措施始于1968年，当时称为“群众指导”，主要有五项内容：l）选用高产品种，2）优良栽培措施，3）加强水分管理，4）植物保护，5）施肥措施。群众指导面向个体农民，亦称之为“Inmum”一般集约化管理。

　　To increase food crop production, the government practices intensification, diversification, extensification and rehabilitation by maximizing research inputs. The intensification program started in 1969 on rice, known as Bimas (Mass guidance) which was based on Panca Usaha (Five Principles), namely (1) the use of high yielding varieties, (2) good cultural practices, (3) good water management, (4) plant protection and (5) fertilizer use. The orientation of Bimas was individual farmers. Bimas is also known as Inmum (General Intensification).

　　后来管理措施逐渐完善为特殊集约管理（Insus），这一管理中包含25公顷以上的生产区组，也不是针对个体农民，而是农民小组。1987年后在水稻上发展成超特殊集约化管理。每个生产区组最小面积不低于600公顷，最低的产量目标为每公顷9吨。

　　Since then the intensification program was gradually improved into Insus (Special Intensification) which should cover an area of not less than 25 ha in one block and the orientation is based not on individual farmers, but on farmer groups. Since 1987, a Supra Insus program on rice was introduced. Each unit covers a minimum area of 600 ha with a minimum yield target of 9 t/ha.

　　政府也尝试过另一种集约化管理形式。称为“Opsus”即特殊作业管理，针对某个生产问题而提出，并找出解决该问题的办法。例如，在努沙登加拉（Nusatenggara）西部的干旱地区因湿季较短，所以，在低洼地区，采用了直接播种的措施。

　　The government has also another model of intensification called Opsus (Special Operation) which usually addresses a special problem to be solved, such as the introduction of gogo rancah (direct seeded dry lowland soil) in a dry region with short wet season in West Nusatenggara.

　　多种经营是另一种增加粮食产量的措施。因为大多数肥力较高的土壤都在进行种植，所以增加农业耕地面积只有向边际地区和土壤养分含量低并存在某些问题的土壤上扩展。土壤改良和增施肥料可使这些土壤逐步转变成具有农业生产力的土壤。开垦荒地、侵蚀严重和白茅草(Imperata cylindrica)滋生的土壤也是政府为增加粮食而提出的另一种措施。由于这些土壤肥力低，所以除保护土壤，施用有机肥料，降低酸度外，增施化肥是必需的。

　　Diversification is another way to diversify and produce more food. Since most fertile lands have been cultivated, the expansion of the agricultural land has been extended to marginal and problem soils with poor nutrient supply. Soil amelioration and ample supply of nutrients in the form of fertilizers is needed to convert poor soils into productive agricultural land. Rehabilitation of waste land, critical land due to erosion and alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica) field are also another means by which the government is trying to produce more food. Since these soils are poor soils, ample inputs of fertilizers are needed, beside conservation measures, the use of organic manures and possibly liming of acidic soils.

　　通过平衡施肥，获得最高经济产量这项措施是1985年发现全国水稻生产停滞不前后提出的。1985年水稻增产只有2.4%，1980年水稻增产为12.5%，许多地区观察到氮、磷、钾、硫、锌养分严重缺乏。由此推测限制水稻生产的原因之一就是养分不平衡。连续耕作、高产作物带走大量养分，这应引起高度重视。

　　Balanced fertilization to obtain maximum economic yield was introduced in 1985 after plateauing of the national by rice production was observed. Production increased only 2.4 % in 1985 compared to 12.5% in 1980. Nutrient deficiencies of N, P, K, S and even Zn were observed in various locations. Therefore it was assumed that one of the reasons of plateauing of rice production was due to nutrient imbalance. Intensive cropping and high yield are among the factors responsible for the heavy drain of nutrients which need serious consideration.

　　2.生产趋势 PRODUCTION TREND

　　1957~1990年水稻的收获面积、总产量、单产列于表1，1957年水稻总产量为1120万吨，1990年增加到4520万吨，而收获面积增加相对较小，从680万公顷增到1050万公顷。水稻总产增加了4倍多而收获面积却只增加1.5倍。单产由1957年的l.6吨/公顷增到1990年的4.3吨/公顷，增加了2.7倍。

　　Harvested area, production quantity and yield of rice during 1957-1990 are presented in Table 1. National production increased from 11.2 million tons in 1957 to 45.2 millions tons in 1990, while the harvested area increased only from 6.8 million to 10.5 million ha. National rice production increased more than four times, while the harvested area increased only 1.5 times. Yield increased from 1.6 t in 1957 to 4.3 t/ha in 1990 an increase of 2.7 times.

(表：表1 1957-1990年印度尼西亚水稻收获面积、总产量和公顷产量 )

Year 年份 Area harvested 收获面积 Production 总产量 Yield a 产量
(’000 ha)千公顷 (，000 mt)千吨 (kg/ha)公斤/公顷
1957 6,798 11,228 1,652
1958 6,990 11,738 1,679
1959 7,153 12,202 1,706
1960 7,285 12,898 1,770
1961 6,858 12,164 1,774
1962 7,282 13,090 1,798
1963 6,731 11,686 1,737
1964 6,980 12,387 1,775
1965 7,328 13,060 1,782
1966 7,691 13,739 1,786
1967 7,516 13,310 1,771
1968 8,021 17,156 2,140
1969 8,014 18,013 2,249
1970 8,135 19,324 2,375
1971 8,324 20,182 2,425
1972 7,898 19,386 2,454
1973 8,404 21,481 2,556
1974 8,509 22,464 2,640
1975 8,495 22,331 2,628
1976 8,369 23,301 2,784
1977 8,360 23,347 2,793
1978 8,929 25,772 2,887
1979 8,804 26,283 2,985
1980 9,005 29,652 3,293
1981 9,382 32,774 3,493
1982 8,988 33,584 3,736
1983 9,162 35,303 3,853
1984 9,764 38,136 3,906
1985 9,902 39,033 3,942
1986 9,988 39,727 3,977
1987 9,923 40,078 4,039
1988 10,138 41,676 4,111
1989 10,531 44,726 4,247
1990 10,502 45,179 4,302

注释：Source:Central Bureau of statistics, Jakarta 雅加达中央统计局 a. Production and yield refer to dry unhusked grain.总产和公顷产量指不去壳干稻米重量。
　　1971年后的20年，水稻总产量增加了2倍多。表1表明，水稻总产量的稳定增加主要是由于政府贯彻的水稻集约化管理措施，而不是增加农业土地面积所致。

　　National rice production increased more than twice during the last 20 years since 1971. Table 1 suggests that there is a steady increase in rice production and is mainly due to the strong effort of the government in the rice intensification program rather than by the expansion of agricultural area.

　　水稻高级特殊集约化管理中，肥料推荐用量为每公顷200~300公斤尿素，50~100公斤重钙，50~100公斤氯化钾，50~100公斤硫酸铵。1989~1990年湿季，三个水稻高级特殊集约化管理区的试验表明，水稻对磷，钾，硫肥的反应明显不同（表2）。

　　The basic fertilizer recommendation of the Supra Insus rice intensification program is 200-300 kg urea, 50-100 kg TSP, 50-100 kg KCl and 50-100 kg ammonium sulphatd per ha. Experiments conducted in three Supra Insus areas during 1989-1990 wet season indicated that there were variations in response of lowland rice to P, K and S (Table 2.).

(表：表2 1989-1990年湿季三个高级集约化管理地区磷、钾、硫肥对水稻（IR64品种）籽粒产量的影响(Anon.,1991) )

Treatment(kg/ha)处理（公斤/公顷） Grain yield(kg/ha)籽粒产量（公斤/公顷）
N P2O5 K2O S Tanggerang Serang Metro
(urea) 尿素 (TSP) 重钙 (KCl) 氯化钾 (NH4)2SO4 硫酸铵 (Alluvial) 冲积土 (Alluvial) 冲积土 (Red-yellow Podzolic) 红黄灰化土
115 0 0 0 4416 3580 5134
115 45 0 0 4349 3425 5657
115 45 45 0 4522 3700 6129
115 45 90 0 5002 3368 6388
115 0 45 0 4720 3847 5651
115 45 45 24 4437 3976 5311

　　水稻采用一般集约管理，特殊集约管理，非集约管理的产量差异列于表3，（Suharto，1991，），从表4可知，特殊集约化农业的面积在不断增加，而一般集约管理和非集约管理的水稻面积在减少。这也表明，印尼农民乐意接受新的技术。

　　The difference in yield between General Intensification, Special Intensification and Non Intensification is obvious as shown in Table 3 (Suharto, 1991). The impact of high yield of Special Intensification could be observed on the increasing trend of the Special Intensification area and decreasing trend of General Intensification and Non Intensification (Table 4.) (Suharto, 1991). This evidence suggests that the Indonesian farmers are responsive to modern technology.

(表：表3 集约种植水稻产量(Suharto,1991) )

Kind of intensification 集约管理模式 Dry unhusked grain yield (t/ha) 未去壳籽粒干重（吨/公顷）
1988 1989 1990
General Intensification 一般集约管理 3.7 3.6 3.7
Special Intensification (incl. Supra Insus) 特殊集约管理（包括高级集约管理） 4.9 4.9 5
Non Intensification 非集约管理 2.2 2.2 2.3

(表：表4 集约管理水稻面积发展(Suharto,1991) )

Kind of intensification 集约管理模式 Acreage (million ha) 面积（百万公顷）
1988 1989 1990
General Intensification 一般集约管理 2.4 2.0 1.6
Special Intensification (incl. Supra Insus) 特殊集约管理（包括高级集约管理） 5.8 6.8 7.2
Non Intensification 非集约管理 1.9 1.7 1.7

　　3.高级集约化管理中的限制因素 SUPRA INSUS CONSTRAINTS

　　从1987年，政府提出实施高级集约管理计划，以便提高水稻生产。每个生产区的最低产量目标为9吨/公顷，最小面积为600公顷，面向农民小组。目前，集约化农业，包括高级集约管理的面积已达9百多万公顷。高级集约经营包括十项内容：l）选用有证书的高产品种，2）合理的种植制度，3）播前整地，4）轮换品种，5）密植（20万穴/公顷以上），6）平衡施肥，7）叶面施肥，8）综合防治病虫害，9）加强水分管理，10）适当的收后管理。

　　Since 1987, a Supra Insus program on rice was introduced by the government to promote rice production. Each production block consist of a minimum area of 600 ha with a minimum yield target of 9 t/ha rough rice. The orientation is based on farmers' group. At present intensification including Supra Insus covers an area of more than nine million ha. Supra Insus practices ten principles, namely (1) use of certified seed of HYV, (2) appropriate cropping systems, (3) good soil preparation, (4) varietal rotation, (5) dense plant spacing (more than 200,000 hills/ha), (6) balance fertilization, (7) foliar feeding, (8) integrated pest and disease management, (9) good water management, and (10) appropriate postharvest handling.

　　1987~1988年的调查表明，并非所有农民均采用政府推荐的高级集约管理（Sawit et al.，1990：Tjubarjat and Deradjat，1990）。农民未达到预定产量目标的原因如下：

　　Survey conducted during 1987-1988 indicated that not all farmers followed the Supra Insus recommendation (Sawit et al., 1990; Tjubarjat and Deradjat, 1990). The followings were reasons for not reaching the yield target by farmers.

　　水稻种子：并非所有农民都采用有证书的种子，这类种子农民不易弄到，所以有些农民便采用质量差的种子。

　　Rice seed. Not all farmers used certified seed. Some farmers used low quality seeds. The reason is that certified seeds are not always easily available.

　　轮作制度：为加强作物集约化管理，提倡“水稻-水稻-旱地（粮食）作物”轮作制。很多农民采用“水稻-水稻-休闲”的轮作方式，不知为何他们收获第二茬水稻后不再种一茬旱地作物。

　　Cropping systems. To increase crop intensity it is recommended to practice rice-rice-upland food crop cropping system. Many farmers practice rice-rice-fallow. It is still obscure why many farmers do not want to plant upland food crops after the second rice.

　　种前整地：有些农民不进行合理的整地，并不翻耕土壤，而是用旋耕机整地，因此，地很难整好，也无法获得高产。

　　Soil preparation. Some farmers do not practice appropriate soil preparation, namely they do not plow the soil but they just use the rotary tiller. Therefore the soil is not well prepared and they could not obtain high yield.

　　轮换品种：为防治病虫害，特别是灾难性的褐稻虱（Nilaparvata lugens），建议轮换品种。目前，代用品种有IR64，Cisadane和IR42。有些农民轮换品种，这样就很有可能发生严重的病虫害。

　　Varietal rotation. It is recommended to practice varietal rotation to suppress pest and disease infestation, especially the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) which is often disastrous. At present IR64, Cisadane and IR42 are popular varieties. Some farmers do not practice varietal rotation, which create an opportunity for the occurrence of serious pest and disease infestations.

　　植株间距；密植是获得高产的主要因素，推荐密度不低于20万穴/公顷，间距为22×22厘米或30×15厘米，而有些农民仍然采用过去推荐的25×25厘米间距。

　　Plant spacing. Crop density is important to obtain high yield. The, recommendation is a minimum of 200,000 hills/ha. The recommended plant spacing is 22×22 cm or 30×15 cm. Some farmers still practice the old recommendation of 25×25 cm.

　　平衡施肥：高级集约管理中，肥料推荐用量为每公顷200~300公斤尿素，50~100公斤重钙，50~100公斤氯化钾，50~100公斤硫酸铵。有些农民尿素用量过高，大多数农民施用推荐量重钙。氯化钾、硫酸铵对农民而言是两种新型肥料，使用面只有60%和61%。

　　Balanced fertilization. Fertilization recommendation for Supra Insus is 200-300 kg urea, 50-100 kg TSP, 50-100 kg KCl and 50-100 kg AS/ha. Some farmers used urea much higher than recommended. In most cases the farmers apply TSP as recommended. Potassium chloride and ammonium sulphate (AS) are relatively new materials for the farmers. The adoption of both fertilizers by farmers is relatively low, 60% and 61 % for KCl and AS, respectively.

　　叶面施肥：建议应按推荐用量叶面喷施氮、磷、钾、硫。而有些农民对叶面施肥是否能增加产量持半信半疑的态度。

　　Foliar feeding. It is recommended to apply foliar feeding if N, P, K and S fertilizers are applied as recommended. However most farmers doubt on the beneficial effect of foliar feeding to increase rice yield.

　　植物保护：病虫害综合防治措施的目的，是保护作物不病虫危害造成减产。病虫害综合防治包括病虫害的早期监测、合理进行作物轮作、轮换品种、采用抗病虫品种、适时播种、生物防治、人工防治、消毒甚至喷施农药。虫害中，鼠害最难防治。

　　Plant protection. Integrated pest and disease management (IPM) has the objective to reduce production losses due to pest and disease infestations. IPM includes among others early detection of pest and disease infestation, proper cropping pattern, varietal rotation, use of pest and disease resistant varieties, timely planting, use of biological control, mechanical protection, sanitation and the use of pesticide if necessary. Among the pests, rats are often the most difficult to control.

　　水分管理：水源充足的地区，农民不考虑如何节约用水，经常沟渠漏水，或灌水过量。所以向农民推广有效用水是当务之急。有时，在收获前过早落干，使千粒重明显下降。

　　Water management. In locations where water supply is abundant, farmers do not consider water use efficiency. Leakage of dikes and excess water use are common practice of farmers. Extension on efficient use of irrigation water to farmers is necessary. Some farmers drain the irrigation water too early prior to harvest which result in high empty grains.

　　收后管理：增加水稻产量的另一措施是减少水稻收获后的损失。建议用齿状镰刀收割稻谷，并用脱粒机脱粒，而有些农民仍用普通镰刀收割、敲打脱粒。

　　Postharvest handling. One of the effort to increase rice yield is to reduce postharvest losses. It is recommended to use serrated sickles for harvesting and threshers. Some farmers still use the common sickle and practice beating for threshing.

　　4.对高级集约管理的农民进行抽查 MONITORING SUPRA INSUS FARMERS

　　1990~1992年对6个高级集约管理农民进行了监督，收集了他们水稻管理措施的情况。这六位都是很有名气的农民，都在西瓜哇。化验分析表明六种土壤均属粘土，pH4.6~6.4，阳离子交换量为16.2~27.3毫克当量/100克，全氮 0.12~0.21%，有效硫 7.1~22.4 毫克/公斤，有效磷 3.8~14.3 毫克/公斤，交换性钙5.6~16.1毫克当量/100克，交换性镁2.4~3.2毫克当量/100克，交换性钾 0.19~0.71毫克当量/l00克。三个连续种植季的水稻产量列于表5，产量一般能达6.5~9.5吨/公顷（干去壳稻米），明显高于全国平均产量（4.3吨/公顷），有些比高级集约管理的最低产量目标9吨/公顷粗稻谷还高。

　　During 1990-1992 six Supra Insus farmers were monitored to collect information on their rice management practices. The six farmers are well known as outstanding farmers, all located in West Java. Chemical analyses indicated that the six soils, are clay soil, pH 4.6-6.4, CEC 16.2-27.3 me/100 g, total N 0. 12-0.21 %, avail. S 7.1-22.4 ppm, avail-P 3.8-14.3 ppm, exch. Ca 5.5-16.1 me/100 g, exch. Mg 2.4-3.2 me/100 g and exch. K 0.19-0.71 me/100 g. Rice yields during three successive seasons are presented in Table 5. The yields ranged between 6.5-9.5 t/ha (dry unhusked grain). The yields are considered high, much higher than the national yield average of 4.3 t/ha and often exceeds the minimum Supra Insus target of 9 t/ha rough rice.

(表：表5 1990-91湿季、1991干季、1991-92湿季西爪哇6位先进农民的水稻产量 )

Farmers' name农民姓名 Location 地点 Grain yield (t/ha)a籽粒产量（公斤/公顷）
1990-91WS湿季 1991DS干季 1991-92WS湿季
H. Mukri Tanggerang 7.2 6.7 6.6
Winarno Indramayu - 4.4b 6.5
Anente Cirebon 8.8 8.9 9.1
Yayan Sukabumi - 8.8 5.6c
H. Abubakar Karawang - - 8.3
H. Iskandar Bandung - 6.7 9.5

注释：a. Dry unbusked grain未去壳籽粒干重 b. Drought stress旱灾 c. Stem borer attack茶天牛虫灾
　　六位农民按政府推荐的管理措施种植水稻。除其它措施外，他们采取了平衡施肥，多数人按推荐的肥料用量施肥，每公顷施200~250公斤尿素，100~150公斤重钙，50~150公斤氯化钾，50~100公斤硫酸铵。偶尔，有些人不施硫酸铵。事实表明，只要按政府推荐的管理措施进行种植，可以达到9吨/公顷的产量目标。高级集约管理的地区，如果水稻产量低，是因为农民没有遵循推荐措施，包括没进行平衡施肥。

　　The six farmers followed the government recommendation, among others by practising balance fertilization. Most farmers applied urea (200-250 kg/ha), TSP (100-150 kg/ha), KCl (50-150 kg/ha) and AS (50-100 kg/ha) as recommended. Occasionally some farmers did not apply AS. This evidence suggests that by following the government recommendations a minimum yield target of 9 t/ha rough rice is possible. Low rice yields obtained by farmers in the Supra Insus areas are therefore likely due to not following the Supra Insus recommendation, including not practising balanced fertilization.

　　5.铁的毒害作用 IRON TOXICITY

　　Ismunadji等人1976年就注意到钾肥在印尼的重要性，最近包括钾肥再内的平衡施肥措施已纳入政府作物集约管理计划中。

　　Ismunadji et al. (1976)drew attention to the importance of potash in Indonesia and more recently a balanced fertilizer program including potash has been introduced by the government into the crop intensification program.

　　本文没对印尼土壤钾的形态进行综合研究，但是低洼水稻田中铁的毒害作用也常常导致缺钾，许多地区可观察到这一现象（Ismunadji等，1973；Ismunadji and Ardjasa，1989）。施用钾肥可以减轻铁的毒害作用。铁的毒害现象在印尼较普遍，尤其是排水不良或新水稻土上更易发生。多种养分的缺乏也可加重铁的毒害作用（Ottow等，1982）。引进高产水稻品种后，铁的毒害作用更加严重，也更加普遍，例如，对铁毒害敏感的IR64品种常出现铁的毒害症。

　　This is no comprehensive study of K-status of soil in Indonesia but it is known that potash deficiency often induced by iron toxicity in lowland rice and could be observed in many locations (Ismunadji et al., 1973; Ismunadji and Ardjasa, 1989). Potash fertilizer application can often alleviate iron toxicity, a disorder which seems to be widely distributed in Indonesia. It often occurs in depressions and areas with poor drainage and in newly developed paddy fields, and is often promoted by multinutritional stresses (Ottow et al., 1982). Iron toxicity has become even more severe and extensive following the introduction of modern high yielding rice varieties such as IR64 which is sensitive to iron toxicity.

　　施钾可减轻铁的毒害作用见表6，（Ismunadji and Ardjasa，1989），锌或钾单独和氮磷配施，水稻产量明显增加，如氮磷锌钾全部配合施用，产量更高。

　　The importance of potash in alleviating iron toxicity in lowland rice is presented in Table 6 (Ismunadji and Ardjasa, 1989). Significantly, when Zn or K was added singularly to NP and yield increased further when added together.

(表：表6 楠榜中部Tamanbogo铁毒害土壤上施肥对两季后作低地水稻(IR64品)产量的影响 )

Treatment* 处理 Grain yield (kg/ha)籽粒产量（公斤/公顷）
1987-1988 wet season湿季 1988 dry season干季
N 569 533
NP1 407 684
NK 1732 1761
NP1K 2194 2417
NP2K 2249 2352
NP1Zn 2784 2722
NP1KZn 3114 2667

注释：* Fertilizer application per hectare: N = 90 kg N as urea; P1 = 90 kg P2O5 as TSP; P2 = 125 kg P2O5 as TSP;K = 60 kg K2O as KCl; Zn = seedling roots dipped in 2 % ZnO before planting. 公顷施肥量：N =90公斤尿素N；P1=90公斤重钙P2O5；P2=125公斤重钙P2O5；K = 60公斤氯化钾K2O；Zn =插秧前用2%氧化锌浸根
　　水稻2月龄植株取样分析表明，除钾、铁外，植株中氮、磷、硫、钙、镁、硅、锰、锌含量均在正常范围，钾的含量为0.l%，明显低于正常的2月龄水稻秧苗，铁的含量很高，为1468~2429毫克/公斤，明显高于铁的毒害浓度300毫克/公斤，（Tanaka和Yoshida，1975）。施钾处理中，水稻中的铁含量低于不施钾处理。

　　The nutrient content of two-month-old rice plants sampled in this experiment showed that the concentration of nutrients other than K and Fe (N,P,S,Ca,Mg,Si,Mn,Zn) were within the normal range. The K concentration was around 0. I % K, a value which is considered too low for a two-month-old rice plant. The iron contents are very high, ranging between 1468-2429 ppm Fe, much above the toxic critical level of 300 ppm Fe as mention ed by Tanaka and Yoshida (1975). In most cases plants treated with K had lower iron content compared to treatments without K.

　　Ismunadji（1973）在Cihea发现钾肥可减轻铁的毒害作用，施钾可使水稻产量成倍增加。

　　The importance of potash in alleviating iron toxicity was also shown by Ismunadji et al. (1973) in Cihea, who found that potash fertilizer application could double rice yield.

　　印尼灰化红黄壤的面积约5100万公顷，由于该土壤成土较早，所以瓜哇岛内这种土壤面积较少，而在苏门答腊，加里曼丹，苏拉威西，伊里安查亚地区分布较广（Driessen和 Soepraptohardjo，1974）。这种土壤上开垦的稻田常常出现铁的毒害现象。一般而言，灰化红黄壤中铁含量较高，淹水条件很易促发低地稻田铁的毒害。但新稻田施用磷肥的效果很明显。而老稻田由于长期施用氮磷钾（NPK）肥料，所以施磷的效果不明显（表7）。

　　Red yellow podzolic soils cover an area of about 51 million ha in Indonesia. Because of their old age they are comparatively rare in Java island, but are common in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Irian Jaya (Driessen and Soepraptohardjo, 1974). Iron toxicity is a serious problem in newly developed paddy field in this kind of soil. Basically red yellow podzolic soils are rich in iron and soil submergence easily promote iron toxicity in lowland rice. Rice plant responded dramatically to phosphate in newly developed paddy fields. In old established paddy fields however, there were no response to phosphate likely due to the continued application of NPK during the previous seasons for a long period of time (Table 7.)

(表：表7 楠幸福中部Tamanbogo 磷肥对老稻田和新开发稻田水稻产量的影响(Miyaket al.,1984) )

Treatment 处理 Grain yield (kg/ha)* 籽粒产量（公斤/公顷）
kg P2O5/ha 公斤/公顷 Old established field老稻田 Newly developed field新稻田
0 3708 19
30 3694 964
60 3492 2622
100 3623 3616
150 3812 3871
250 3643 3715
250 3528 3660

注释：* Soil type: Red Yellow Podzolic 土类：红黄灰化土
　　6.养分状况与作物病害 NUTRIENT STATUS AND DISEASE INCIDENCE

　　众所周知，低洼水稻土，养分状况与作物病害密切相关，特别是氮和钾。水稻如钾含量低，则很易发生病害，Ismunadji报道，在Jakenan，水稻施钾后腐杆病减轻，由70%降为2%，Suparyono等人最近在同一地区也证实了Ismunadji的发现（表8）。钾肥可抑制褐纹病的发生。对鞘枯病和稻叶枯病也有明显的作用。表8表明，氮/钾比高，即高氮无钾，可引起各种病虫害，降低产量。

　　It is well known that there is a positive correlation between nutrient status and disease incidence in lowland rice, especially nitrogen and potash. There is evidence that rice plants low in potash are more susceptible to disease infestation. Ismunadji (1976) reported that potash application on rice could reduce damage by stem rot in Jakenan from 70 % to less than 2 %. Recent study by Suparyono et a]. (1992) at the same location confirmed the findings of Ismunadji (Table 8.). Potash has also a striking effect on brown -spot suppression. The effect of potash on sheath blight and cercospora leaf spot is also quite apparent. Table 8 also suggests that poor N/K ratio, namely high N and no potash promote various disease infestations which resulted in low rice yields.

(表：表8 Jakenan 1989-1990湿季低地水稻养分状况及病害程度 )

Fertilizer appl. 施肥量 (kg/ha)公斤/公顷 Degree of damage(%)a 病害程度（%） Grain yield 籽粒产量
N P2O5 K2O SB BS CLS SR (t/ha)吨/公顷
0 0 0 0.0 22.8 16.8 41.7 2.3
0 0 90 6.8 2.0 13.3 25.0 2.3
0 90 0 1.7 3.3 20.0 33.3 2.1
0 90 90 20.0 8.0 16.7 30.3 2.5
125 0 0 6.7 69.2 14.7 73.3 2.1
125 0 90 11.7 3.3 4.3 30.8 3.8
125 90 0 10.7 69.2 9.3 73.3 2.4
125 90 90 5.0 2.7 8.0 26.7 3.7
250 0 0 10.0 69.2 14.7 73.3 2.2
250 0 90 26.7 6.0 6.0 26.7 4.1
250 90 0 6.7 69.2 8.0 82.5 1.5
250 90 90 17.5 15.0 4.0 27.5 4.2

注释：a. SB: sheath blight (Rhizoctonia Solani)鞘枯病 BS: brown spot (Helminthosporium oryzae)稻胡麻褐斑病 CLS: Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora oryzae)稻叶枯病 SR: stem rot (Helminthosporium sigmodium)茎腐病
　　印尼农民，尿素用量很高，有时高达500公斤/公顷，这样易导致水稻倒伏、增加病虫害发生率，如不施钾肥，这种现象更明显。

　　The Indonesian farmers have the tendency to apply high rate of nitrogen in the form of urea, sometimes up to 500 kg urea/ha, which promote lodging and disease incidence. The situation is even more severe if potash is not applied.

　　参考文献 REFERENCES

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